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To permit a no-knock entry on facts this paltry would be to regularize the practice. Our cases allow officers the latitude to effect dynamic entries when their safety is at stake, but the Fourth Amendment does not regard as reasonable an entry with echoes, however faint, of the totalitarian state. The officers who burst into the Bellotte home point to no signpost of danger, nor to any criminal history, nor indeed to any factor that "distinguishes this particular search from many others that police conduct on a daily basis."
It should go without saying that carrying a concealed weapon pursuant to a valid concealed carry permit is a lawful act. The officers admitted at oral argument, moreover, that "most people in West Virginia have guns." Most importantly, we have earlier rejected this contention: "If the officers are correct, then the knock and announcement requirement would never apply in the search of anyone's home who legally owned a firearm."
Qualified immunity is meant to protect against liability for "bad guesses in gray areas." Maciariello v. Sumner, 973 F.2d 295, 298 (4th Cir. 1992). This was not a bad guess. Not a single one of the officers' proffered rationales provides a reasonable, particularized basis to justify their conduct.2 The officers contended at oral argument that a no-knock entry under these circumstances is "so infrequent, so uncommon that it's a gray area." The absence of "a prior case directly on all fours" here speaks not to the unsettledness of the law, but to the brashness of the conduct. Pinder v. Johnson, 54 F.3d 1169, 1173 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc). Because "a man of reasonable intelligence would not have believed that exigent circumstances existed in this situation,"